GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAM IN SUMATRA (LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE 3 ISLAMIC KINGDOMS IN SUMATRA)

This research aims to understand the early introduction of Islam to Sumatra and the Islamic kingdoms in the region by examining the history of religious and governmental development in the area. The research utilizes a combination of literature review and historical analysis approaches. The findings indicate that 1) Islam has been present in this region since an early period. Muslim traders, preachers, and religious teachers from various regions such as Arabia, India, Persia, and China played a crucial role in spreading Islam in Sumatra. The Islamic kingdoms of Samudera Pasai, Aceh, and Minangkabau serve as evidence of the significant development of Islam in the region. 2) The history of Islamic development during the Islamic kingdoms in Sumatra is as follows: a) During the reign of Samudera Pasai, the kingdom became a center for Islamic studies and a gathering place for scholars from various Islamic countries to discuss religious and worldly matters. b) The Aceh Darussalam Kingdom became a center for the development of Islam in Indonesia during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda. In Aceh, the Baiturrahman Mosque, places of worship, and Islamic study institutions were built. c) During the era of the Minangkabau Islamic Kingdom, many aspects of customary practices that contradicted Islamic teachings were gradually eliminated, and the fundamental rules of customs were replaced with Islamic principles. The famous Minangkabau adage, "Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah," means that Minangkabau customs are based on Islam, which in turn is based on the Quran and Hadith.


INTRODUCTION
The emergence of Islam brought by Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) in the 7th century AD has played a significant role in the growth and development of the global Islamic movement. The entry and development of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in North Sumatra, is a complex process from historical and sociological perspectives. 1 There are differing opinions between the old view and the new view regarding the early history of Islam's development in Indonesia. The old view states that Islam entered Indonesia in the 13th century AD, while the new view argues that Islam was already present in Indonesia since the 7th century AD. 2 Before the significant spread of Islam in North Sumatra, the Indonesian society, in general, was influenced by Hindu-Buddhist religions and lived in harmony. When Islam began to enter North Sumatra, the process was naturally accepted well by the local population. The approach used in the spread of Islam in this region began through economic relationships facilitated by maritime navigation and trade. The positive reception by the people of North Sumatra towards the visiting traders and scholars brought about a new dimension to the social and cultural life of the local community.
One strong indication of the introduction of Islam in the East Sumatra region, now known as North Sumatra, was the emergence of Islamic kingdoms in various areas such as the Sultanate This study aims to understand the early introduction of Islam to Sumatra and the kingdoms that existed in this region. To do so, we need to examine the history of religious and governmental development in the area.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research utilizes a combination of literature review and historical analysis approaches.
The literature review involves an in-depth examination of historical sources, biographies, written works, and scholarly literature related to the growth and development of Islam in Sumatra. 4 On the other hand, the historical analysis examines various historical sources covering the periods of Islamic kingdoms in Sumatra, such as the history and records of the Samudera Pasai Islamic Kingdom, Aceh Islamic Kingdom, and Minangkabau Islamic Kingdom. The research carefully examines relevant documents to gather evidence regarding the educational policies implemented, actions taken, and their impact on society at that time. 5 The sources used are high-quality primary and secondary sources to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Interpretation and conclusions are derived from the analysis and interpretation of the findings from the literature review and historical analysis conducted.

Islam's Entry into Sumatra
In the history of Islam's entry into West Sumatra and its surrounding regions, there are   Overall, the entry and development of Islam in Sumatra were complex processes involving political, economic, trade, and socio-cultural factors. The various theories and opinions of historians provide insights into the diverse aspects related to the entry and development of Islam in Sumatra.

Islamic Kingdoms in Sumatra
There were several Islamic kingdoms that flourished and developed in Sumatra. Some of these Islamic kingdoms include:

Samudera Pasai Kingdom
The Samudera Pasai Kingdom was the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia, located on the northeast coast of Aceh. Although the exact date of its establishment is still debated, the emergence of this kingdom is estimated to have occurred in the early or mid-13th century. The process of Islamization in the coastal areas, which had been visited by Muslim traders since the 7th century, played a role in the emergence of this kingdom. During the reign of Samudera Pasai, the kingdom became a center for Islamic studies and a gathering place for scholars from various Islamic countries to discuss religious and worldly matters. Sultan Malikul Zhahir also sent scholars to spread the Islamic faith to various regions in the Nusantara.

Aceh Kingdom
The In 1511, small kingdoms in Aceh and the eastern coast of Sumatra such as Peurelak, Pedir, Daya, and Aru came under the influence of Portuguese colonialism. Ali Mughayat Syah was strongly opposed to the Portuguese, so he conquered and incorporated these small kingdoms into his own territory to counter Portuguese influence. Since then, the kingdom became known as Aceh Darussalam, with a vast territory resulting from the conquest of surrounding small kingdoms. 13 The peak of Aceh Kingdom's power occurred during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda (1608-1637). During this period, Aceh reached its glory, expanding its influence and spreading Islam almost throughout Sumatra. 14 Aceh Darussalam became a center for the development of Islam in Indonesia during Sultan Iskandar Muda's reign. In Aceh, the Baiturrahman Mosque, places of worship, and Islamic educational institutions were built. Renowned Sufi scholars such as Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsuddin, Syaikh Nuruddin Ar-Raniri, and Abdul Rauf As-Sinkili resided in Aceh and had a significant influence.

Minangkabau Kingdom
The Pagaruyung Kingdom, also known as the Minangkabau Kingdom, was one of the

CONCLUSION
The research findings indicate that 1) Islam has been present in this region since an early period. Muslim traders, preachers, and religious teachers from various regions such as Arabia, India, Persia, and China played a crucial role in spreading Islam in Sumatra. The Islamic kingdoms of Samudera Pasai, Aceh, and Minangkabau serve as evidence of the significant development of Islam in this region. 2) The history of the development of Islam during the Islamic kingdoms in Sumatra are as follows: a) During the reign of Samudera Pasai, the kingdom became a center for Islamic studies and a gathering place for scholars from various Islamic countries to discuss religious and worldly matters. Sultan Malikul Zhahir also sent scholars to preach in various regions of the Nusantara. b) The Aceh Darussalam Kingdom became a center for the development of Islam in Indonesia during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda. In Aceh, the Baiturrahman Mosque, houses of worship, and Islamic study institutions were built. Prominent Sufi scholars such as Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsuddin, Syaikh Nuruddin Ar-Raniri, and Abdul Rauf As-Sinkili resided in Aceh and had a significant influence. c) During the era of the Minangkabau Islamic Kingdom, many aspects of customary practices that contradicted Islamic teachings were gradually eliminated, and the fundamental rules of customs were replaced with Islamic principles. The famous Minangkabau adage, "Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah," means that Minangkabau customs are based on Islam, which in turn is based on the Quran and Hadith.